Internalisation of hepatitis C virus core protein by human conjunctival fibroblasts.

Recent studies indicate that hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins can mediate innate immune response and inflammation in conjunctival fibroblasts which contributes to the pathology of dry eye condition associated with chronic HCV infection. The present study investigates the phagocytic potential of human conjunctival fibroblasts (HCFj) for HCV core protein. HCFj cells were incubated with HCV core antigen for different periods of time, and fluorescent micrographs were taken to observe protein internalisation. HCFj cells were capable of internalising HCV core antigen within 1 h; this gives an insight into another molecular mechanism which may contribute towards HCV‑associated conjunctival inflammation.

Mebiolgel, a thermoreversible polymer as a scaffold for three dimensional culture of Huh7 cell line with improved hepatocyte differentiation marker expression and HCV replication.

Purpose: A novel three dimensional (3D) culture system purely synthesised from co‑polymer which is free from biological contamination for Huh7 cell cultivation and hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication has been attempted. Materials and Methods: Mebiolgel, a thermo‑reversible gelation polymer was used as a 3D scaffold for culturing Huh7, a liver carcinoma cell line used in our study. The 3D culture of the cells were infected with cell culture derived HCV. Result: The scaffold supported the cell growth as 3D spheroids for up to 63 days. Moreover mebiolgel was found to be improving the hepatocyte differentiation of Huh7 cells at the transcript level. Three dimensional culture was susceptible for HCV infection, and this was confirmed by detecting the HCV replication intermediate viral core antigen. Conclusion: Mebiolgel based culture system was proven to be suited for 3D culture of Huh7 cells by improvising liver specific genotypic expression and was susceptible for HCV replication. Since mebiolgel based Huh 7 express better hepatocyte differentiation markers genotypically, this can be implemented as an alternate for primary hepatocytes in studies such as viral isolation from patient serum.

Optimisation and analysis of polymerase chain reaction based DNA sequencing for genotyping polyoma virus in renal transplant patients: A report from South India.

Purpose: To optimise a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based DNA sequencing technique for genotyping polyoma virus in clinical specimens obtained from renal transplant patients. Materials and Methods: A hundred and thirty (106 peripheral blood and 24 urine) clinical specimens collected from renal transplant patients were included in the study for detecting the presence of DNA of BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV) by PCR targeting the viral protein 1 (VP1) gene. PCR based DNA sequencing was performed to determine the genotypes of polyoma virus and subjected to bioinformatics analysis to determine the amino acid sequences and screen for mutations in the VP1 gene. Results: Polyoma virus was detected in 23 (17.69%) specimens of which 19 (82.60%) were positive for BK virus, 3 (13.04%) for JC virus and 1 for both BK and JC virus. PCR based DNA sequencing detected BK virus genotype I in 12 (50%), genotype IV in 8 (33.3%) and JC virus in 4 (16.6%) clinical specimens. BKV genotype I was the predominant genotype (64.2% in peripheral blood and 33.33% in urine) prevalent in south India. Six novel mutations were found – at position 29, 30 to 47 of BKV genotype I; at position 11 and 15 of BKV genotype IV and at position 2 and 30 of JCV. Conclusion: BKV genotype I is the prominent genotype in India and novel mutations detected in the VP1 gene of BKV and JCV are being reported for the fi rst time in literature.

Diagnostic appraisal of simultaneous application of two nested PCRs targeting MPB64 gene and IS6110 region for rapid detection of M. tuberculosis genome in culture proven clinical specimens.

Background: Early diagnosis of tuberculosis is critical for its effective management and prevention. Several gene amplifi cation methods are used in the detection of tubercle bacilli from clinical specimens. MPB64 gene and IS6110 region have been identifi ed as potential gene targets for the specifi c detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from direct clinical specimens. Objective: The present study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic utility of simultaneous application of two nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCRs) targeting MPB64 and IS6110 region for the detection of M. tuberculosis genome. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 and 354 clinical specimens from the control group and clinically suspected tuberculosis patients, respectively, were included in the study. nPCRs targeting MPB64 and IS6110 region were performed. Results and Conclusion: All of the 100 clinical specimens from the control group were negative for both nPCRs. Out of the 354 clinical specimens, 339 were positive for both culture and nPCRs, 10 and 5 were positive for culture, and nPCR targeting IS6110 and MPB64 regions, respectively. To conclude, nPCRs targeting MPB64 and IS6110 region are reliable and specifi c targets when applied simultaneously on clinical specimens to attain 100% sensitivity for the detection of M. tuberculosis genome.

First case series of emerging Rickettsial neonatal sepsis identified by polymerase chain reaction-based deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing.

Purpose: To detect and identify the aetiological agent in the peripheral blood from the cases of neonatal sepsis. Materials and Methods: Four neonates from geographically different regions of South India presented with signs of neonatal sepsis and all the routine clinical and laboratory investigations were performed. Blood culture by Bac T Alert 3D was negative. To establish the aetiology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for eubacterial genome and subsequent amplifi cation with Gram positive and Gram negative primers were performed followed by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing. Results: PCR for the detection of eubacterial genome was positive in all the four neonates and further amplifi cation with designed Gram positive and Gram negative primers revealed the presence of Gram negative bacteria. The amplicons were identifi ed as Orientia tsutsugamushi in three neonates and Coxiella burnetti in the other neonate. Multalin analysis was done to further characterise the strain variation among the three strains. Conclusion: PCR-based DNA sequencing is a rapid and reliable diagnostic tool to identify the aetiological agents of neonatal sepsis. This is the fi rst case series of emerging Rickettsial neonatal sepsis in India.

Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from pediatric population of Chennai, India.

Purpose: Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) has been reported in almost all parts of the world. Childhood TB is accorded low priority by national TB control programs. Probable reasons include diagnostic difficulties, limited resources, misplaced faith in BCG and lack of data on treatment. Good data on the burden of all forms of TB among children in India are not available. Objective: To study the drug sensitivity pattern of tuberculosis in children aged from 3 months to 18 years and the outcome of drug-resistant tuberculosis by BACTEC culture system and PCR-based DNA sequencing technique. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study. One hundred and fifty-nine clinical specimens were processed for Ziehl-Neelsen stain, Mycobacterial culture by BACTEC method, phenotypic DST for first-line drugs for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) isolates and PCR-based DNA sequencing was performed for the M. tuberculosis isolates targeting rpoB, katG, inhA, oxyR-ahpC, rpsL, rrs and pncA. Results and Conclusion: Out of the 159 Mycobacterial cultures performed during the study period, 17 clinical specimens (10.7%) were culture positive for M. tuberculosis. Among the 17 M. tuberculosis isolates, 2 were multidrug-resistant TB. PCR-based DNA sequencing revealed the presence of many novel mutations targeting katG, inhA, oxyR-ahpC and pncA and the most commonly reported mutation Ser531Leu in the rpoB gene. This study underlines the urgent need to take efforts to develop methods for rapid detection and drug susceptibility of tubercle bacilli in the pediatric population.

Isolation of a variant human adenovirus identified based on phylogenetic analysis during an outbreak of acute keratoconjunctivitis in Chennai.

Background & objectives: Though several viruses are responsible for conjunctivitis, but human adenovirus (HAdV) is by far the most common cause. Epidemic conjunctivitis causes morbidity and early detection of aetiological agent is essential in preventing spread of disease as some of serotypes of adenoviruses cause a severe form of conjunctivitis. This study was undertaken to identify the causative agent of conjunctivitis outbreak in Chennai in 2010. Methods: Conjunctival samples collected from 17 patients with conjunctivitis were subjected to virological investigations. Culture and PCR for detection of adenovirus and enterovirus were carried out. PCR positive products were further subjected for DNA sequencing. The nucleotide sequences of the hexons of isolates were analyzed by comparison with all 51 human adenovirus strains. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using DAMBE software. Results: Among 17 patients, seven were positive for adenovirus by PCR on the direct specimen, none was positive for enterovirus. Eleven of 30 conjunctival swabs showed cytopathic effect in HEp-2 cell line and were confirmed as HAdV by PCR. The DNA sequence data of the 11 isolates had equal percentage of homology with HAdV 6 and 2 on blast analysis. On phylogenetic analysis with GeneBank data of 51 adenovirus strains, 11 isolates from patients during the outbreak of conjunctivitis formed a separate clade indicating a new variant strain. Interpretation & conclusions: Based on phylogenetic analysis it was concluded that the recent conjunctivitis outbreak that occurred in Chennai was caused by a variant adenovirus strain.

Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis directly from sputum specimens & phenotypic drug resistance pattern of M. tuberculosis isolates from suspected tuberculosis patients in Chennai.

Background & objectives: mRNA is more rapidly destroyed in cells than rRNA or genomic DNA, an assay targeting bacterial mRNA would provide a better guide to mycobacterial viability than amplification tests directed at DNA or rRNA targets. This study was carried out to standardize reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) targeting 85B gene for the rapid detection of viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis from sputum specimens of suspected TB patients at Chennai, South India and to detect MDR-TB circulating in this population. Methods: Sputum samples from clinically suspected tuberculosis patients (n=301) and 78 controls were included in the study. The sputum samples were collected in sterile diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) treated containers and transported in ice to the laboratory within 2 h to prevent degradation of RNA. RT-PCR targeting 85B gene, mycobacterial culture and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing for the first line drugs streptomycin (S), isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), ethambutol (E) and pyrazinamide (Z) were performed by BACTEC microMGIT culture system for all the sputum specimens. Results: All the 78 controls were negative for culture and RT-PCR. Among the 301 sputum specimens from patients, 231 (76.8%) were RT-PCR positive and 70 (23.2%) were negative. There were 166 M. tuberculosis isolates, of which 11 (2.9%) were MDR-TB, 33 (8.7%) were polyresistant, 31 (8.2%) were monoresistant and 91 (30.2%) were sensitive to all five first line anti-tuberculous drugs by phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. Monoresistance was higher with Z [20 (20.8%)], followed by S [6 (3%)]. Interpretation & conclusions: RT-PCR targeting 85B gene of M. tuberculosis was a specific, rapid, reliable technique to detect the M. tuberculosis directly from sputum specimens. Our results showed that 2.9 per cent of M. tuberculosis isolates in the study population of Chennai were MDR.

Chikungunya virus iridocyclitis in Fuchs’ heterochromic iridocyclitis.

We are reporting a case of bilateral Fuchs’ heterochromic iridocyclitis with chikungunya virus infection in the left eye. A 20-year-old female was presented with a past history of fever suggestive of chikungunya with bilateral Fuchs’ heterochromic iridocyclitis and complicated cataract. She had a tripod dendritic pattern of keratic precipitates by confocal microscopy in the left eye with a stippled pattern of keratic precipitates in both eyes. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay in the aqueous humor detected 98 copies/ml of chikungunya virus RNA. The patient underwent clear corneal phacoemulsification with in-the-bag intraocular lens implantation in the left eye with a good visual outcome. This is the first report where the presence of chikungunya virus RNA has been associated with a case of bilateral Fuchs’ heterochromic iridocyclitis.

Infectious aetiology of congenital cataract based on torchesTORCHES screening in a tertiary eye hospital in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Background & objectives: We undertook this study to determine the infectious aetiology of congenital cataract based on the presence of IgM antibodies to TORCHES [(Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), Rubella virus (RV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Syphilis (caused by Treponema pallidum)] in the serum samples of congenital cataract patients. Methods: Serum samples collected from 593 infants and children (10 days to 12 months old) with clinically diagnosed congenital cataract at Sankara Nethralaya, a referral eye hospital in Chennai, were tested for the presence of specific IgG and IgM antibodies to T. gondii, RV, CMV, HSV by ELISA and specific treponemal antibodies by T. pallidum haemagglutination test (TPHA). Results: IgM antibodies were detected against T. gondii in 1.7 per cent, RV in 8.4 per cent, CMV in 17.8 per cent and HSV in 5.1 per cent, and that of specific IgG in 8.9, 25.0, 66.1 and 2.6 per cent respectively. Presence of IgM antibodies to T. Gondii in the study group was significantly lower when compared to IgM antibodies to RV, CMV and HSV. All serum samples were negative for the presence of anti treponemal antibodies by TPHA. Overall, IgM antibodies to one or more of the four infectious agents were detected in 20.2 per cent of the study population, and among these co-infections to more than one infectious agents were detected in 12.5 per cent. Interpretation & conclusion: The results of the present retrospective analysis showed association of RV, CMV, HSV and T. gondii with congenital cataract based on the presence of specific IgM antibodies.

Application of PCR based - RFLP for species identification of ocular isolates of methicillin resistant staphylococci (MRS).

Background & objectives: Early detection of methicillin resistant staphylococci (MRS) from clinical specimens enables institution of appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Limited information is available on speciation of MRS. This study was undertaken to compare results of conventional and molecular methods in detection of methicillin resistance (MR) and application of PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequencing for speciation of ocular isolates of MRS. Methods: A total of 110 consecutive ocular staphylococcal isolates were screened for MR. MRS was speciated by PCR-RFLP of gap gene and results were confirmed by DNA sequencing. All isolates were processed within 48 h of isolation. A single colony of bacterium, stocked as stab cultures in Hyer’s and Johnson agar, was stored at 40C and sub-cultured at every 15 days interval. Results: Seventy (63.6%) of 110 isolates were identified as MRS and 40 (36.4%) were MSS by conventional and molecular method (100% correlation). Of the 70 MRS, 18 (25.7%) were Staphylococcus aureus, remaining 52 (74.3%) were CNS by conventional and molecular method (100% correlation). PCR-RFLP of gap gene identified 18 (25.71%) MRS as S. aureus, 11 (15.71%) S. epidermidis, 27 (38.57%) S. haemolyticus, 6 (8.57%) S. cohnii subsp. urealyticum, 6 (8.57%) S. equorum, 1 (1.42%) S. xylosus and 1 (1.42%) S. hominis. Interpretation & conclusions: Overall rate of isolation MRS was 63.6 per cent and were predominantly isolated from conjunctival swab (23.6%) and donor corneal scleral rim (23.6%) of non hospitalized patients indicating their community origin. Detection of MR by mecA gene was easier and less time consuming compared to conventional methods. Speciation of MRS was possible by gap gene PCR - RFLP and the predominant MRS in our study was S. haemolyticus.

DNA sequencing by Microseq kit targeting 16S rRNA gene for species level identification of mycobacteria.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Identification of mycobacteria to the species level is of therapeutic significance. Conventional methods are laborious and time consuming so we did 16S rRNA sequencing using a commercial MicroSeq sequencing kit, which includes DNA sequencing with software package for identification and phylogenetic analysis of clinical mycobacterial isolates. METHODS: A total of 47 mycobacteria were tested by both conventional and genotypic method using commercially available MicroSeq 500 amplification kit assay. The identification was determined by comparing the 500 bp amplified product of 16S rDNA sequence to the MicroSeq database. RESULTS: The phenotypic identification was concordant with genotypic identification in 33 (70.2%) isolates of 14 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 11 M. fortuitum, 7 M. abscessus and 1 M. duvalii. For the discrepant isolates, identification was possible only by DNA sequencing in 14 (29.7%) isolates. The 14 discrepant isolates were 5 M. farcinogenes, 3 M. genavense, 2 M. species. nov and 1 each of M. fortuitum, M. immuogenum, M. simiae and M. wolinskyi. Of these, five were uncommon species that were difficult to identify by phenotypic method. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The MicroSeq DNA sequencing is an excellent tool for species identification of mycobacteria, which reduces the turn around time, makes repeat analysis easy as compared to phenotypic identification specially for mycobacterial isolates with ambiguous biochemical profiles.

Influence of feeder layer on the expression of stem cell markers in cultured limbal corneal epithelial cells.

Background & objectives: The limbus is enriched with the stem cells of corneal epithelium. Auto- and allograft limbal transplantations are effective in restoring the corneal epithelium and inhibiting inflammation and neovascularization. Preserved human amniotic membrane (AM) is now widely used as a substrate for ocular surface reconstruction. The combination of limbal and AM transplantation has been shown to improve the surgical outcome in patients with total limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). The purpose of this study was to compare the expression of putative stem cell markers ATP binding cassette protein (ABCG2) and keratinocyte stem cell marker: p63 and differentiation markers. (connexin 43 and keratin 3 / keratin 12) on the limbal epithelial cells cultured over the denuded AM with and without the 3T3 murine fibroblast cells as feeder layer. Methods: Human limbal tissues obtained from the cadaveric donor eyes were cultured over the denuded human amniotic membrane in the presence of mitomycin C treated 3T3 fibroblasts and the cultured cells studied for the expression of ABCG2 and p63 by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was done on the cultured cells at varying intervals of time for expression of ABCG2, p63, connexin43 (Cnx43), and keratin 3 (K3) and keratin 12 (K12). Results: The growth rates were similar in both denuded AM and denuded AM + 3T3. The cells cultured over AM + 3T3 showed the expression of p63 and ABCG2 till 21 days of incubation by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The expression of p63 and ABCG2 were retained till 21 days of incubation on the cells cultured over denuded AM + 3T3, whereas it was expressed only till day 8 on the cells cultured over the denuded membrane by semi quantitative RT-PCR. Cnx43 and K3/K12 were observed in both the conditions. Interpretation & conclusions: The limbal epithelial cells cultured in the presence of mitomycin C treated 3T3 feeder layer were able to maintain the expression of putative stem cell markers. Further in vitro studies using feeder layer will enable us to understand the factors, which play a role in maintaining the limbal stem cell niche.

Influence of feeder layer on the expression of stem cell markers in cultured limbal corneal epithelial cells.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: The limbus is enriched with the stem cells of corneal epithelium. Auto- and allograft limbal transplantations are effective in restoring the corneal epithelium and inhibiting inflammation and neovascularization. Preserved human amniotic membrane (AM) is now widely used as a substrate for ocular surface reconstruction. The combination of limbal and AM transplantation has been shown to improve the surgical outcome in patients with total limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). The purpose of this study was to compare the expression of putative stem cell markers ATP binding cassette protein (ABCG2) and keratinocyte stem cell marker: p63 and differentiation markers. (connexin 43 and keratin 3 / keratin 12) on the limbal epithelial cells cultured over the denuded AM with and without the 3T3 murine fibroblast cells as feeder layer. METHODS: Human limbal tissues obtained from the cadaveric donor eyes were cultured over the denuded human amniotic membrane in the presence of mitomycin C treated 3T3 fibroblasts and the cultured cells studied for the expression of ABCG2 and p63 by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was done on the cultured cells at varying intervals of time for expression of ABCG2, p63, connexin43 (Cnx43), and keratin 3 (K3) and keratin 12 (K12). RESULTS: The growth rates were similar in both denuded AM and denuded AM + 3T3. The cells cultured over AM + 3T3 showed the expression of p63 and ABCG2 till 21 days of incubation by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The expression of p63 and ABCG2 were retained till 21 days of incubation on the cells cultured over denuded AM + 3T3, whereas it was expressed only till day 8 on the cells cultured over the denuded membrane by semi quantitative RT-PCR. Cnx43 and K3/K12 were observed in both the conditions. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The limbal epithelial cells cultured in the presence of mitomycin C treated 3T3 feeder layer were able to maintain the expression of putative stem cell markers. Further in vitro studies using feeder layer will enable us to understand the factors, which play a role in maintaining the limbal stem cell niche.

Intracanalicular antibiotics may obviate the need for surgical management of chronic suppurative canaliculitis.

Chronic suppurative lacrimal canaliculitis is an important cause of ocular surface discomfort. Treatment with topical antibiotics is often inadequate and surgical treatment by canaliculotomy and canalicular curettage has been the mainstay of treatment in the past. The role of canalicular antibiotic irrigation has been inadequately studied. We report the clinical features, microbiological profile and treatment outcome in a series of 12 patients with suppurative lacrimal canaliculitis. Two patients had Actinomyces infection, five had Nocardia infection and seven patients had polymicrobial infection. Three patients had resolution of canaliculitis on combination broad-spectrum topical antibiotic therapy using ciprofloxacin and fortified cefazolin. In nine patients, topical antibiotic therapy was combined with canalicular irrigation using fortified cefazolin. All patients had excellent resolution of canaliculitis without the need for surgical treatment. Availability of broad-spectrum antibiotics and canalicular irrigation may offer an alternative to surgery in the management of suppurative lacrimal canaliculitis.

Relative efficiency of polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay in determination of viral etiology in congenital cataract in infants.

BACKGROUND: Perinatal viral infections of fetus are among the leading causes of congenital cataract and identifying the viral etiology is important. OBJECTIVES: To detect the presence of Rubella virus (RV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in lens aspirate specimens obtained from patients with congenital cataract and relate the results with serology. SETTING AND DESIGN: Prospective study carried out in tertiary care hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty lens aspirates from 50 infants with congenital cataract were subjected to HSV, RV isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of HSV and CMV. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied for RV detection. Peripheral blood specimens were screened for anti-HSV, RV and CMV antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Rubella virus was detected in nine (18%) lens aspirates, by nRT-PCR which includes six positive by culture. HSV-2 DNA was detected in nine other lens aspirates, while CMV was not detected by PCR. Serological results did not correlate with the presence of viruses in the lens aspirates. This is the first report of detection of HSV-2 DNA in cases of congenital cataract. CONCLUSIONS: Cytomegalovirus may not be playing a significant role in causation of congenital cataract. The role of serology in identifying causative viral infection for congenital cataract needs to be re-evaluated.

Comparative efficacy of PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) & multiplex PCR for glycoprotein B (gB) genotyping of human cytomegalovirus.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Glycoprotein B (gB), involved in cell-to-cell transmission of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), is a critical factor in tissue tropism and viral pathogenesis. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficiency of PCR-based RFLP and multiplex nested PCR for gB gene of HCMV to determine their genotype in clinical specimens from patients with HCMV. METHODS: The PCR based RFLP and the multiplex nested PCR were applied on standard strain of HCMV AD169, 4 clinical HCMV isolates and 70 clinical specimens positive for HCMV by pp65 antigenaemia assay or nested PCR for mtr II region or both. RESULTS: Three of the four clinical isolates were genotyped as gB1 and the other as gB3 by both the methods. HCMV genome in all the 70 clinical specimens were genotyped by multiplex nested PCR whereas only 65 were genotyped by PCR-based RFLP. Forty one of 65 clinical specimens, gave concordant results by both methods. In the remaining 24, mixed infection with multiple genotypes was identified by multiplex nested PCR whereas single genotypes were identified by PCR-based RFLP. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Multiplex nested PCR provided a rapid, sensitive and cost-effective assay for gB genotyping of HCMV and allowed detection of multiple gB genotypes of HCMV in clinical samples compared to PCR-based RFLP.

Association of mycobacteria with Eales' disease.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Eales' disease is an idiopathic disease resulting in retinal neovascularization, recurrent haemorrhages, with or without retinal detachment predominantly affecting healthy young males (97.6%) in the Indian subcontinent. Inspite of several studies, the aetiology of Eales' disease is not clear. The isolation of Mycobacterium fortuitum from the aqueous humour of a patient with classical Eales' disease, led us to hypothesize that rapid growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (RGNTM), particularly M. fortuitum and M. chelonae could be associated with Eales' disease. We therefore undertook this study to detect DNA of these RGNTM and also of M. tuberculosis in vitreous fluids (VFs) from patients with Eales' disease and non-Eales' disease. METHODS: We developed and optimized seminested polymerase chain reactions (SnPCRs) to detect DNAs of M. fortuitum and M. chelonae on archival ERMs (33) and VFs (19) of Eales' and control patients along with conventional mycobacteriological investigations. RESULTS: In the retrospective study, 70 per cent ERM samples were positive for one or more Mycobacterium spp. tested by snPCR. M. fortuitum and M. chelonae were isolated from two VFs, which were also positive by sn PCR in the prospective study. Statistical evaluation of the results of both retrospective and prospective investigations showed a statistically significant association of Mycobacterium spp. with Eales' disease. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggested the involvement of Mycobacterium spp. in the aetiopathogenesis of Eales' disease. Further studies on a larger sample will be required to confirm these findings.

Application of semi-nested polymerase chain reaction targeting internal transcribed spacer region for rapid detection of panfungal genome directly from ocular specimens.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of fungal endophthalmitis has dramatically increased in recent years and rapid detection of fungi using nucleic acid-based amplification techniques is helpful in management. AIM: To evaluate semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region for detection of panfungal genome in ocular specimens. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Z test for two proportion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standardization of PCR targeting ITS primers was carried out by determining analytical sensitivity and specificity. The sensitivity and specificity of PCR was determined by serial tenfold dilutions of C. albicans (ATCC 24433) DNA and DNA extracts of laboratory isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium lichenicola (4), other fungal and closely related bacterial strains and also human DNA. Semi-nested PCR was applied onto a total of 168 ocular specimens with clinically suspected fungal etiology during 2003-2005. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: PCR was specific and sensitive to detect 1fg of fungal DNA with ITS primers. PCR detected fungal genome in 90 (53.57%) in comparison with the conventional technique, positive in 34 (20.23%) by smear examination and in 42 (25%) by culture. The increase in clinical sensitivity by 28.57% using PCR was found to be statistically significant { P < 0.001 using Z test for two proportion}. The accuracy of the test was found to be 70.85%. PCR proved to be a rapid diagnostic technique for detection of panfungal genome directly from clinical specimens.

Optimization of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for increasing its sensitivity to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae specific genome.

Being an intracellular parasite, Chlamydia pneumoniae disseminates to organs outside the respiratory tract and causes chronic diseases in human. Nucleic acid-based method such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as diagnostic test has greater sensitivity and specificity than conventional microbiological techniques. The PCR protocol consisting of touchdown technique to detect C. pneumoniae DNA using major outer membrane protein gene (MOMP) was carried out in our laboratory as described in reference paper, but analytical sensitivity reported in it was not reproducible. Hence, the PCR was optimized after modifications in annealing temperature and magnesium ion concentrations. First round PCR profile with annealing at 56 degrees C for 8 cycles followed by 32 cycles with annealing temperature maintained at 54 degrees C and second round profile modified with annealing temperature maintained at 49 degrees C had resulted in 3-fold increase in clinical sensitivity. The present work highlights the importance of optimization of PCR in laboratory settings.